Upward Bound is Created

Born out of the Great Society legislation in the mid 1960's, Upward Bound HSU shares a legacy of that time period: a belief that society had an abiding obligation to its poor and repressed; that it needed to provide a ladder to the historically disadvantaged so they could climb out of poverty and overcome two centuries of racial discrimination.  The primary means of doing so was education.  Access to higher education was the ladder they believed would launch new generations in pursuit of the American Dream.

President Johnson signs the Higher Education Act of 1965.

From the LBJ website:

    LBJ recognized the inequality experienced by many Americans long before he became the 36th President of the United States.  In 1928, LBJ taught grade school in Cotulla, Texas.  His students were primarily Mexican-American.  It was of those kids that he reminisced when he signed the Higher Education Act of 1965.

"I shall never forget the faces of the boys and the girls in that little Welhausen Mexican School, and I remember even yet the pain of realizing and knowing then that college was closed to practically every one of those children because they were too poor. And I think it was then that I made up my mind that this Nation could never rest while the door to knowledge remained closed to any American."

But no event happens in isolation of its historical context:

Also happening in 1965:

MLK Leads Civil Rights Marches in the South

 Six Days of Rioting in LA

Malcolm X Assassinated

The first US combat troops arrive in Vietnam.  By the end of the year, 190,000 American soldiers are in Vietnam. 

The Voting Rights Act of 1965

Medicare Signed into Law

So what can we say of a society that would invest millions of dollars in increasing access to higher education?  What philosophy or vision would create such a program?  And how did other conditions and events in this time period fit with the creation of Upward Bound?

To discover the social philosophy behind our program, let's take a quick look at the legislation to see what the Higher Education Act of 1965 demanded in creating Project Upward Bound.

The Past is Prologue

There's nothing new under the sun,

except the history you don't know.

To understand the essence of something, we must first understand its origins, how and why it was created.

So let's go back to the beginning: the birth of Project Upward Bound.

The Law: Purpose, Eligibility, and Requirements

PROGRAM DESCRIPTION 

Upward Bound provides fundamental support to participants in their preparation for college entrance. The program provides opportunities for participants to succeed in their precollege performance and ultimately in their higher education pursuits. Upward Bound serves: high school students from low-income families; and high school students from families in which neither parent holds a bachelor's degree. The goal of Upward Bound is to increase the rate at which participants complete secondary education and enroll in and graduate from institutions of postsecondary education.

TYPES OF PROJECTS 

Upward Bound projects provide academic instruction in mathematics, laboratory sciences, composition, literature, and foreign languages. Tutoring, counseling, mentoring, cultural enrichment, work-study programs, education or counseling services designed to improve the financial and economic literacy of students; and programs and activities previously mentioned that are specially designed for students who are limited English proficient, students from groups that are traditionally underrepresented in postsecondary education, students with disabilities, students who are homeless children and youths, students who are in foster care or are aging out of foster care system or other disconnected students.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 

All Upward Bound projects MUST provide instruction in math, laboratory science, composition, literature, and foreign language. Other services include:

• Information on the full range of Federal Student Financial Aid programs and benefits
• Guidance and assistance on secondary school reentry, alternative education programs, or entry into general educational development programs or postsecondary education

Who May Apply:

Students must have completed the 8th grade, be between the ages of 13 and 19, and have a need for academic support in order to pursue a program of postsecondary education. All students must be either from low-income families or be potential first-generation college students. The program requires that two-thirds of the participants in a project must be both low-income and potential first-generation students. The remaining one-third must be either low-income, first-generation college students, or students who have a high risk for academic failure.

http://www.humboldt.edu/trioupwardbound/

UB Funding and Allocation 2012

UPWARD BOUND PROGRAM 

Funding Status

FY 2012 ESTIMATE (BASED ON PRESIDENT'S FY 2012 BUDGET REQUEST) (SUBJECT TO CHANGE)

Total Funding Allocation: $324,902,000
Number of New Awards Anticipated: 982

FY 2011

Upward Bound Total (Regular UB and CCRAA*)

Total Funding Allocation	$305,387,247*
Number of Awards	951
Number of Participants	64,262
Average Award	$321,122
Average Number of Participants	68
Average Cost per Participant	$4,752

** Includes $3,583,603 to extend funding for CCRAA grantees through January 2012.

High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV)

Type	Unarmored: Light Utility Vehicle, Armored: Light Armored Car
Place of origin	United States
Service history
In service	1984 – present
Production history
Manufacturer	AM General
Unit cost	Unarmored: $65,000 Armored: $140,000 [1]
Produced	1984 – present

 United States - Army: 260,000, Marine Corps: 44,000

UB HSU = 

One fully armored Humvee and one partially armored Humvee.

or, . . . 

For $21,300,000

UH-60 Black Hawk
A UH-60L Black Hawk flies a low-level mission over Iraq in 2004.
Role	Utility helicopter
Manufacturer	Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation
First flight	29 November 1974
Introduction	1979
Status	In production, in service
Primary users	United States Army Republic of Korea Army Colombian Armed Forces Turkish Armed Forces
Produced	1974–present
Number built	>2,600
Unit cost	UH-60: US$21.3 million (avg. procurement, 2012)[1]
Variants	Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk Sikorsky HH-60 Pave Hawk Sikorsky HH-60 Jayhawk Sikorsky S-70

 United States

• United States Army has 1,349 UH-60s, 64 EH-60s, and 58 MH-60s in inventory as of January 2010.

One Blackhawk helicopter = 
61 Upward Bound Programs.